Lipid peroxidation - Revision history

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 ==Author==
 Author of this article is Thijs Klompmaker, born in 1966
 Author's [http://www.topfitafter50.com/ website, as personal trainer] (specialized in isolation exercises and dietary solutions)

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 ==Author==
-[[Image:SocialMedia.jpg|thumb|left| ]]
+[[Image:Instagram.jpg|thumb|left| ]]
 Author of this article is Thijs Klompmaker, born in 1966

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 ==High omega-3 intakes==
 Omega-3 fats are most susceptible to lipid peroxidation, including in the heart mitochondria. Supplemental omega-3, however, is not associated with heart attacks and/or elevated death rates. "Of 15,159 titles and abstracts assessed, 48 RCTs (36,913 participants) and 41 cohort studies were analysed. No strong evidence of reduced risk of total mortality or combined cardiovascular events. No effect of omega 3 on total mortality or cardiovascular events. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16565093] From another review: "Of the 3635 citations retrieved, 20 studies of 68,680 patients were included. No statistically significant association was observed with all-cause mortality, cardiac death, sudden death, myocardial infarction and stroke [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22968891]
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 In human breast milk, up to 2% of total fat are long-chain PUFA [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12947449], to support rapid brain development, as omega-3 fatty acids play a critical role in the development and function of the central nervous system (CNS).[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15535884] 20% of the dry weight of the brain is made up of PUFAs and 33% of fatty acids in the CNS are PUFAs. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15129302/]

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:43, 26 January 2017
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	==High omega-3 intakes==		==High omega-3 intakes==
		+	[[Image:Instagram.jpg\|thumb\|right\| [https://www.instagram.com/topfitafter50/ Author's Instagram account]]]
		+	[[Image:YouTube.jpg\|thumb\|right\| [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCLZULfm7l2dZFyDdhrROJKg Author's YouTube channel]]]
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	Omega-3 fats are most susceptible to lipid peroxidation, including in the heart mitochondria. Supplemental omega-3, however, is not associated with heart attacks and/or elevated death rates. "Of 15,159 titles and abstracts assessed, 48 RCTs (36,913 participants) and 41 cohort studies were analysed. No strong evidence of reduced risk of total mortality or combined cardiovascular events. No effect of omega 3 on total mortality or cardiovascular events. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16565093] From another review: "Of the 3635 citations retrieved, 20 studies of 68,680 patients were included. No statistically significant association was observed with all-cause mortality, cardiac death, sudden death, myocardial infarction and stroke [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22968891]		Omega-3 fats are most susceptible to lipid peroxidation, including in the heart mitochondria. Supplemental omega-3, however, is not associated with heart attacks and/or elevated death rates. "Of 15,159 titles and abstracts assessed, 48 RCTs (36,913 participants) and 41 cohort studies were analysed. No strong evidence of reduced risk of total mortality or combined cardiovascular events. No effect of omega 3 on total mortality or cardiovascular events. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16565093] From another review: "Of the 3635 citations retrieved, 20 studies of 68,680 patients were included. No statistically significant association was observed with all-cause mortality, cardiac death, sudden death, myocardial infarction and stroke [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22968891]

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 * '''Vitamin E''' protects heart phospholipids against peroxidative deterioration.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1637499] Vitamin E inhibits GO formation as a lipid peroxidation product[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7959459] and substantially inhibits CML formation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9022079], or hardly.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10381276] Vitamin E levels correlate with endogenous secretory receptors in defending against plaque formation induced by AGEs.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23182189] Vitamin E significantly reduces malonaldehyde (lipid peroxidation product) in cooked chicken.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20308404]
-* '''[http://www.waiwiki.org/index.php/Autophagy#Caloric_restriction Caloric restriction]''' reduces levels of CML in collagen[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7583789] Greater levels of pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (a precursor of pyridoxamine) were found in liver, kidney and heart of dietary restricted animals.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10204830]
+* '''[http://www.waiwiki.org/index.php/Autophagy#Caloric_restriction Caloric restriction]''' eliminates lipoxidation products and dysfunctional organelles. Caloric restriction reduces levels of CML in collagen[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7583789] Greater levels of pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (a precursor of pyridoxamine) were found in liver, kidney and heart of dietary restricted animals.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10204830]
 * '''Vitamin B6''' (Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate; PLP); PLP and pyridoxal are the most effective lipid glycation inhibitors.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16470027][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20957396] Pyridoxamine, pyridoxine, pyridoxal and their 5'-phosphates are precursors for the active form of PLP or vitamin B6 (Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate). PLP is riboflavin-5′-phosphate dependent, derived from vitamin B2. A lack of dietary B6 increases damage by lipid peroxidation.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15219924] Vitamin B6 (in mg/100g) in raw foods: 0.96 (Souci et al) in sardine; 0.93 in yellowfin tuna; 0.85 in Skipjack tuna; 0.82 (Souci et al: 0.98) in wild Atlantic salmon (farmed: 0.60); 0.55 in wild Coho salmon (farmed: 0.66); 0.54 in walnuts (0.87 according to Souci et al); 0.53 in Hass avocado and beef tenderloin; 0.46 in bluefin tuna; 0.44 in King mackerel and chicken meat; 0.40 in wild Chinook salmon, Atlantic and Spanish mackerel; 0.37 in banana; 0.31 in hazelnuts; 0.30 in egg yolk; 0.29 in California avocado; 0.22 in grape juice and dutchcured herring; 0.17 in wild Sockeye salmon; 0.12 in mango; 0.10 in apple juice; 0.08 in Florida avocado; 0.05 in orange juice.[http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/list]

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 * '''Enzymes'''; Various enzymes, including glutathione-related enzymes, reverse or protect against the effects of oxidative damage. Methionine sulfoxide reductases specifically repair metionine modifications; methionine being among the amino acids the most susceptible to oxidation. Overexpression of these enzymes increases resistance against oxidative stress.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16803968]
 * '''Vitamin C''' has both chelating and reducing properties at once. Ascorbic acid in a dose-dependent manner suppresses lipid peroxidation of reoxygenated liver tissue. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7733675]
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 * '''Vitamin E''' protects heart phospholipids against peroxidative deterioration.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1637499] Vitamin E inhibits GO formation as a lipid peroxidation product[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7959459] and substantially inhibits CML formation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9022079], or hardly.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10381276] Vitamin E levels correlate with endogenous secretory receptors in defending against plaque formation induced by AGEs.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23182189] Vitamin E significantly reduces malonaldehyde (lipid peroxidation product) in cooked chicken.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20308404]
 * '''Caloric restriction''' reduces levels of CML in collagen[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7583789] Greater levels of pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (a precursor of pyridoxamine) were found in liver, kidney and heart of dietary restricted animals.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10204830]

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 The body's defense against lipid peroxidation is triggered by the damage that lipid oxidation causes. Expression and activity of key enzymes involved in antioxidant and phase II detoxification pathways are elevated in response to a long term high omega-3 intake (and the resulting damage).[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21880016]
 In general, water-soluble antioxidants (vitamin C, glutathione, lipoic acid, uric acid) act within the cell, and lipid-soluble antioxidants (vitamin E, carotenes, coenzyme Q) protect cell membranes from lipid peroxidation.
 * '''Vitamin C''' has both chelating and reducing properties at once. Ascorbic acid in a dose-dependent manner suppresses lipid peroxidation of reoxygenated liver tissue. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7733675]

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 * '''Vitamin C''' has both chelating and reducing properties at once. Ascorbic acid in a dose-dependent manner suppresses lipid peroxidation of reoxygenated liver tissue. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7733675]
-* '''Anthocyanins''' More so than vitamin C (and resveratrol), cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside, the main anthocyanin in orange juice (particularly from pigmented oranges), is a highly efficient oxygen free radical scavenger, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, due to its redox potential.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11811546]
+* '''Anthocyanins'''; More so than vitamin C (and resveratrol), cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside, the main anthocyanin in orange juice (particularly from pigmented oranges), is a highly efficient oxygen free radical scavenger, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, due to its redox potential.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11811546]
 * '''Vitamin E''' protects heart phospholipids against peroxidative deterioration.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1637499] Vitamin E inhibits GO formation as a lipid peroxidation product[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7959459] and substantially inhibits CML formation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9022079], or hardly.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10381276] Vitamin E levels correlate with endogenous secretory receptors in defending against plaque formation induced by AGEs.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23182189] Vitamin E significantly reduces malonaldehyde (lipid peroxidation product) in cooked chicken.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20308404]