Nitrate - Revision history

RRM: /* Author */

2023-03-15T14:01:50Z

‎Author

RRM: /* Author */

2017-04-07T13:30:54Z

‎Author

RRM: /* Athletic Performance */

2017-01-26T19:07:06Z

‎Athletic Performance

RRM: /* Methemoglobinemia */

2014-02-09T18:37:35Z

‎Methemoglobinemia

RRM: /* Drug */

2013-05-12T15:04:40Z

‎Drug

RRM: /* Drug */

2013-05-12T15:03:40Z

‎Drug

RRM: /* Drug */

2013-05-12T15:02:51Z

‎Drug

RRM: /* Nitric Oxide (NO) */

2013-05-12T14:57:50Z

‎Nitric Oxide (NO)

RRM: /* Nitrosamines */

2012-12-14T06:46:00Z

‎Nitrosamines

RRM at 17:40, 26 November 2012

2012-11-26T17:40:47Z

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 ==Author==
 Author of this article is Thijs Klompmaker, born in 1966
 Author's [http://www.topfitafter50.com/ website, as personal trainer] (specialized in isolation exercises and dietary solutions)

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 ==Author==
-[[Image:SocialMedia.jpg|thumb|left| ]]
+[[Image:Instagram.jpg|thumb|left| ]]
 Author of this article is Thijs Klompmaker, born in 1966

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:07, 26 January 2017
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	==Athletic Performance==		==Athletic Performance==
	A local lack of oxygen (hypoxia) stimulates NO release locally. NO is a powerful vasodilator; it widens the blood vessels (decreasing blood pressure), resulting in increased blood flow, enabling the supply of more oxygen where needed (eg muscles), evoked by local hypoxia. Increased nitrate intake increases athletic performance in the last phase of a run [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22709704], when hypoxia in muscles is at its peak. Baseline plasma nitrite level independently predicts exercise capacity in highly trained professionals [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22609879]. Nitrate supplementation (eg beetroot juice) increases athletic performance [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22248502], all due to increased supply of oxygen to hypoxic muscles.		A local lack of oxygen (hypoxia) stimulates NO release locally. NO is a powerful vasodilator; it widens the blood vessels (decreasing blood pressure), resulting in increased blood flow, enabling the supply of more oxygen where needed (eg muscles), evoked by local hypoxia. Increased nitrate intake increases athletic performance in the last phase of a run [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22709704], when hypoxia in muscles is at its peak. Baseline plasma nitrite level independently predicts exercise capacity in highly trained professionals [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22609879]. Nitrate supplementation (eg beetroot juice) increases athletic performance [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22248502], all due to increased supply of oxygen to hypoxic muscles.
		+
		+
		+	==Author==
		+	[[Image:SocialMedia.jpg\|thumb\|left\| ]]
		+	Author of this article is Thijs Klompmaker, born in 1966
		+
		+	* Author's [http://www.topfitafter50.com/ website, as personal trainer] (specialized in isolation exercises and dietary solutions)
		+
		+	* Author's [https://www.instagram.com/topfitafter50/ Instagram account]
		+
		+	* Author's [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCLZULfm7l2dZFyDdhrROJKg YouTube Channel]
		+
		+	* Author's [https://twitter.com/topfitafter50/ Twitter account]

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 ==Methemoglobinemia==
-Methemoglobinemia is characterized by elevated levels of oxidized hemoglobin (= methemoglobin = metHb).
+Methemoglobinemia (a type of [http://www.waiwiki.org/index.php?title=Anemia anemia]) is characterized by elevated levels of oxidized hemoglobin (= methemoglobin = metHb).
 Normally, metHb levels are below 1% (of total Hb). Only when oxidative stress cannot sufficiently be prevented, the normal Fe2+ in hemoglobin (Hb) is oxidized to Fe3+ (in metHb). This results in a decreased capacity to release oxygen to tissues. The higher the level of metHb, the less oxygen released, which may lead to hypoxia. Normally, spontaneously formed metHb is reduced to Hb by mainly NADH metHb reductase, but also the vitamin C and glutathione enzyme systems. Exposure to nitrates may accelerate the rate of formation of metHb up to one-thousandfold, overwhelming the protective enzyme systems and acutely increasing metHb levels. One study found a direct proportionate relationship between nitrate ingestion and serum metHb level [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22187853]. Another study found a direct correlation between nitrate levels in water samples and serum metHb level [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20701008].

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 Another group of drugs are the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkyl_nitrite alkyl nitrites], including [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyl_nitrite amyl nitrites]. Their nitrite-group is responsible for their biological properties, which includes vasolidation (and psychoactive as an inhalant), as its a source of NO. Many of these drugs are used as heart medication.
-Blood pressure is constantly monitored through pressure receptors and osmoreceptors, and regulated through prostaglandins, bradykinin, adrenergic stimulation and calcium concentrations in vascular smooth muscle cells. Vasolidation may be cGMP mediated (activated by NO), and it may be cAMP mediated (through adrenergic stimulation). UV exposure increases NO, but reduces cAMP. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22235420]
+Physiologically, blood pressure is constantly monitored through pressure receptors and osmoreceptors, and regulated through prostaglandins, bradykinin, adrenergic stimulation and calcium concentrations in vascular smooth muscle cells. Vasolidation may be cGMP mediated (activated by NO), and it may be cAMP mediated (through adrenergic stimulation). UV exposure increases NO, but reduces cAMP. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22235420]
 ==Athletic Performance==
 A local lack of oxygen (hypoxia) stimulates NO release locally. NO is a powerful vasodilator; it widens the blood vessels (decreasing blood pressure), resulting in increased blood flow, enabling the supply of more oxygen where needed (eg muscles), evoked by local hypoxia. Increased nitrate intake increases athletic performance in the last phase of a run [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22709704], when hypoxia in muscles is at its peak. Baseline plasma nitrite level independently predicts exercise capacity in highly trained professionals [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22609879]. Nitrate supplementation (eg beetroot juice) increases athletic performance [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22248502], all due to increased supply of oxygen to hypoxic muscles.

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 Gastric juices convert nitrite to nitrous acid (HNO2, a powerful free radical), which produces NO.
 NO is also a by-product of combustion of substances in the air; exhaust fumes are loaded with free radicals such as NO. More NO means more oxidative damage. Antioxidants such as the glutathione system regulate NO and HNO2 levels. NO is essential as a signalling molecule, regulates Th17-cell development, and influences cell metabolism. NO has various properties in various tissues, including anti-inflammatory (because its a free radical), anti-artherosclerotic (because its a 'cleansing agent') and anti-hypertensive because its a powerful vasodilator (increasing blood flow by widening the blood vessels). NO is anti-bacterial (including both harmful and beneficial bacteria), though it protects some harmful bacteria (by inducing resistance of Gram-positive and -negative bacteria to aminoglycosides [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21343448]). Elevated NO is associated with rheumatic diseases, including
-systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20609263] and T-cell dysfunction [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18396335][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17462531]. NO levels also need to remain unelevated to protect organs such as the liver from ischemic damage, to protect the gastric mucosa and to protect against metHb induced hypoxia. In specific conditions, additional NO may be beneficial (eg myointimal hyperplasia). There are various pathways to create the required NO from protein (by nitric oxide synthases), as arginine (supplying the NO) may be converted from other amino acids (eg other amino acids > glutamate > ornithine > citrulline > arginine). Physical exercise (induced local hypoxia) naturally increases endogenous NO production, because more NO is required (increasing blood flow during exercise).
+systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20609263] and T-cell dysfunction [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18396335][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17462531].
 ==Nitrosamines==

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 Nitrosation also increases mutagenicity of [http://www.waiwiki.org/index.php/Heterocyclic_Amines_(HCA) HCAs]. Nitrite increases mutagenicity of MeIQ up to 3-fold, while that of nitrosated MeIQ was further enhanced up to 15-fold. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1373865] Nitrosated or N-hydroxylated TRP-P-2 directly induces DNA recombination. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7730138]
-Studies have found positive correlations between dietary nitrate intake and digestive malignancy morbidity rates [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21513058] risk of epithelial ovarian cancer [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21934624] breast cancer risk [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20574916] T-cell lymphoma [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20204494] gastric cancer risk [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19449378], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11855578], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11588901] and non-Hodgkin lymphoma and colorectal cancer [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12051796].
+Studies have found positive correlations between dietary nitrate intake and digestive malignancy morbidity rates [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21513058] risk of epithelial ovarian cancer [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21934624] breast cancer risk [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20574916] T-cell lymphoma [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20204494] gastric cancer risk [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19449378], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11855578], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11588901] and non-Hodgkin lymphoma and colorectal cancer [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12051796][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10074917].
 ==Peroxynitrite (NO3-)==

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 Nitrate compounds (eg sodium nitrate) are found naturally on earth as large deposits.
 Nitrate (NO3−) naturally results from the breakdown of animal (or human) waste, but nitrate in groundwater mainly comes from fertilizers (eg ammonium nitrate) used in agriculture. Nitrate is much less toxic than ammonia.
-Nitrate is naturally consumed by growing plants, including fruit trees. The bioavailability of dietary nitrate is extremely high; almost 100%. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18723086].
+Nitrate is naturally consumed by growing plants, which convert nitrate to amino acids, for constructional purposes. Particularly vegetables (the roots, stem and leaves of a plant) may contain high levels of nitrate, as the uptake of nitrate in plants may regularly exceed its assimilation, due to little sunlight exposure (cloudy days), and/or undersupply of molybdenum and iron.
-Particularly vegetables may contain high levels of nitrate due to (besides nitrate fertilization) reduced sunlight exposure, undersupply of molybdenum and iron, and/or reduced assimilation of nitrate in the plant (nitrate to amino acid conversion). In humans, dietary nitrate inhibits iodide uptake, which may disrupt thyroid functioning [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16793945]. A few studies found associations between dietary nitrate and hypothyroidism [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20335813] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22339761] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16440845] or even thyroid cancer [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20824705] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20335813]
 ==Nitrite (NO2−)==