Silica in Poaceae - Revision history

RRM: /* Arundinaria gigantea */

2015-01-07T19:18:50Z

‎Arundinaria gigantea

RRM: /* Arundinaria gigantea */

2015-01-07T19:13:14Z

‎Arundinaria gigantea

RRM: /* Arundinaria gigantea */

2015-01-07T19:08:40Z

‎Arundinaria gigantea

RRM: /* Arundinaria gigantea */

2015-01-07T19:08:16Z

‎Arundinaria gigantea

RRM: /* Arundinaria gigantea */

2014-12-30T10:08:39Z

‎Arundinaria gigantea

RRM: /* Arundinaria gigantea */

2014-12-30T08:33:28Z

‎Arundinaria gigantea

RRM: /* Arundinaria gigantea */

2014-12-30T08:27:54Z

‎Arundinaria gigantea

Aytundra: Spelling

2014-12-24T16:48:10Z

Spelling

RRM: /* Panicum */

2014-12-24T13:40:42Z

‎Panicum

RRM: /* Panicum */

2014-12-24T13:09:01Z

‎Panicum

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 [[Image:Arundinaria_gigantea_4.jpg|thumb|left| Arundinaria gigantea [http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Arundinaria+gigantea&guide=Grasses&cl=US/NC/Wake/Turnipseed © Bobby Hattaway]]]
 [[Image:Arundinaria_gigantea_5.jpg|thumb|right| Arundinaria gigantea [http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Arundinaria+gigantea&guide=Grasses&cl=US/NC/Wake/Turnipseed © Steve Baskauf]]]
 ''Arundinaria gigantea'' (aka Giant cane, River cane or Canebrake bamboo) shoots may contain 8.8% silica [http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/96/6/1027/T1.expansion.html] and its leaves 18.76% silica[http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/2/157.short] Its culm sheets also show high silification, with over 85% dissolving within a year after culms collapse.[http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/070126] Arundinaria gigantea is not a wetland specie [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11273-011-9233-3#page-1] but thrives in sandy, well-drained mineral soils.[http://www.castaneajournal.org/doi/abs/10.2179/08-038R3.1a]

@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
 [[Image:Arundinaria_gigantea.jpg|thumb|left| Arundinaria gigantea [http://www.bamboogarden.com/Arundinaria%20gigantea%20ssp.%20gigantea.htm © Ned Jaquith]]]
 [[Image:Arundinaria_gigantea_2.jpg|thumb|right| Arundinaria gigantea [http://galleryhip.com/arundinaria-gigantea.html]]]
-[[Image:Arundinaria_gigantea_3.jpg|thumb|left| Arundinaria gigantea [http://www.phytoimages.siu.edu/imgs/pelserpb/r/Poaceae_Arundinaria_gigantea_11787.html © P.B. Pelser]]]
+[[Image:Arundinaria_gigantea_4.jpg|thumb|left| Arundinaria gigantea [http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Arundinaria+gigantea&guide=Grasses&cl=US/NC/Wake/Turnipseed © Bobby Hattaway]]]
-[[Image:Arundinaria_gigantea_4.jpg|thumb|right| Arundinaria gigantea [http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Arundinaria+gigantea&guide=Grasses&cl=US/NC/Wake/Turnipseed © Bobby Hattaway]]]
+[[Image:Arundinaria_gigantea_5.jpg|thumb|right| Arundinaria gigantea [http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Arundinaria+gigantea&guide=Grasses&cl=US/NC/Wake/Turnipseed © Steve Baskauf]]]
 ''Arundinaria gigantea'' (aka Giant cane, River cane or Canebrake bamboo) shoots may contain 8.8% silica [http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/96/6/1027/T1.expansion.html] and its leaves 18.76% silica[http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/2/157.short] Its culm sheets also show high silification, with over 85% dissolving within a year after culms collapse.[http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/070126] Arundinaria gigantea is not a wetland specie [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11273-011-9233-3#page-1] but thrives in sandy, well-drained mineral soils.[http://www.castaneajournal.org/doi/abs/10.2179/08-038R3.1a]

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 [[Image:Arundinaria_gigantea_2.jpg|thumb|right| Arundinaria gigantea [http://galleryhip.com/arundinaria-gigantea.html]]]
 [[Image:Arundinaria_gigantea_3.jpg|thumb|left| Arundinaria gigantea [http://www.phytoimages.siu.edu/imgs/pelserpb/r/Poaceae_Arundinaria_gigantea_11787.html © P.B. Pelser]]]
-[[Image:Arundinaria_gigantea_3.jpg|thumb|right| Arundinaria gigantea [http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Arundinaria+gigantea&guide=Grasses&cl=US/NC/Wake/Turnipseed © Bobby Hattaway]]]
+[[Image:Arundinaria_gigantea_4.jpg|thumb|right| Arundinaria gigantea [http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Arundinaria+gigantea&guide=Grasses&cl=US/NC/Wake/Turnipseed © Bobby Hattaway]]]
-[[Image:Arundinaria_gigantea_3.jpg|thumb|left| Arundinaria gigantea [http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Arundinaria+gigantea&guide=Grasses&cl=US/NC/Wake/Turnipseed © Steve Baskauf]]]
+[[Image:Arundinaria_gigantea_5.jpg|thumb|left| Arundinaria gigantea [http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Arundinaria+gigantea&guide=Grasses&cl=US/NC/Wake/Turnipseed © Steve Baskauf]]]
 ''Arundinaria gigantea'' (aka Giant cane, River cane or Canebrake bamboo) shoots may contain 8.8% silica [http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/96/6/1027/T1.expansion.html] and its leaves 18.76% silica[http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/2/157.short] Its culm sheets also show high silification, with over 85% dissolving within a year after culms collapse.[http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/070126] Arundinaria gigantea is not a wetland specie [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11273-011-9233-3#page-1] but thrives in sandy, well-drained mineral soils.[http://www.castaneajournal.org/doi/abs/10.2179/08-038R3.1a]

@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
 [[Image:Arundinaria_gigantea.jpg|thumb|left| Arundinaria gigantea [http://www.bamboogarden.com/Arundinaria%20gigantea%20ssp.%20gigantea.htm © Ned Jaquith]]]
 [[Image:Arundinaria_gigantea_2.jpg|thumb|right| Arundinaria gigantea [http://galleryhip.com/arundinaria-gigantea.html]]]
 ''Arundinaria gigantea'' (aka Giant cane, River cane or Canebrake bamboo) shoots may contain 8.8% silica [http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/96/6/1027/T1.expansion.html] and its leaves 18.76% silica[http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/2/157.short] Its culm sheets also show high silification, with over 85% dissolving within a year after culms collapse.[http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/070126] Arundinaria gigantea is not a wetland specie [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11273-011-9233-3#page-1] but thrives in sandy, well-drained mineral soils.[http://www.castaneajournal.org/doi/abs/10.2179/08-038R3.1a]
 ''Arundinaria gigantea var. tecta'' or ''Arundinaria tecta'' (Switch cane) is smaller (up to 2 m high) and adapted to more aquatic conditions. [http://herbarium.usu.edu/webmanual/info2.asp?name=Arundinaria_gigantea&type=treatment] Colonies of Arundinaria tecta flower every four or five years, those of Arundinaria gigantea every 40- 50 years.[http://thekeep.eiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1180&context=bio_fac]

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 [[Image:Arundinaria_gigantea.jpg|thumb|left| Arundinaria gigantea [http://www.bamboogarden.com/Arundinaria%20gigantea%20ssp.%20gigantea.htm © Ned Jaquith]]]
 [[Image:Arundinaria_gigantea_2.jpg|thumb|right| Arundinaria gigantea [http://galleryhip.com/arundinaria-gigantea.html]]]
-Arundinaria gigantea shoots may contain 8.8% silica [http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/96/6/1027/T1.expansion.html] and its leaves 18.76% silica[http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/2/157.short] Its culm sheets also show high silification, with over 85% dissolving within a year after culms collapse.[http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/070126] Arundinaria gigantea is not a wetland specie [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11273-011-9233-3#page-1] but thrives in sandy, well-drained mineral soils.[http://www.castaneajournal.org/doi/abs/10.2179/08-038R3.1a]
+''Arundinaria gigantea'' (aka Giant cane, River cane or Canebrake bamboo) shoots may contain 8.8% silica [http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/96/6/1027/T1.expansion.html] and its leaves 18.76% silica[http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/2/157.short] Its culm sheets also show high silification, with over 85% dissolving within a year after culms collapse.[http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/070126] Arundinaria gigantea is not a wetland specie [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11273-011-9233-3#page-1] but thrives in sandy, well-drained mineral soils.[http://www.castaneajournal.org/doi/abs/10.2179/08-038R3.1a]
-''Arundinaria gigantea'' (aka Giant cane, River cane or Canebrake bamboo). ''Arundinaria gigantea var. tecta'' or ''Arundinaria tecta'' (Switch cane) is smaller (up to 2 m high) and adapted to more aquatic conditions. [http://herbarium.usu.edu/webmanual/info2.asp?name=Arundinaria_gigantea&type=treatment] Colonies of Arundinaria tecta flower every four or five years, those of Arundinaria gigantea every 40- 50 years.[http://thekeep.eiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1180&context=bio_fac]
+''Arundinaria gigantea var. tecta'' or ''Arundinaria tecta'' (Switch cane) is smaller (up to 2 m high) and adapted to more aquatic conditions. [http://herbarium.usu.edu/webmanual/info2.asp?name=Arundinaria_gigantea&type=treatment] Colonies of Arundinaria tecta flower every four or five years, those of Arundinaria gigantea every 40- 50 years.[http://thekeep.eiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1180&context=bio_fac]
 Arundinaria gigantea is a perennial evergreen Bamboo from hard, tough rhizomes, growing up to 9 m high. Its flowers have both male and female organs and are pollinated by Wind. It grows well in sandy, loamy and clay, well-drained, moist soils. It can grow in acid, neutral and basic soils, and is indifferent of (the lack of) direct sunlight exposure. Arundaria gigantea is intolerant of drought, requiring abundant moisture and plenty of organic matter in the soil. It prefers warm, humid, damp conditions.[http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arundinaria+gigantea] It has low calciumcarbonate tolerance.[http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=ARGI] Arundinaria gigantea may monopolize newly freed space and resources through rapid clonal growth.[http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/07-1255.1] Intense rains cause transportation of sediments. Giant cane very effectively filters sediment because its dense population slows the velocity of surface runoff and because its fine root system increases soil porosity (promoting infiltration) and tightly binding soil particles.[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11270-006-3111-2#page-1] Giant cane may reduce ground water nitrate levels by 90%, through plant assimilation, denitrification and by upwelling ground water through the porous soil.[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04389.x/abstract]

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 Yields of 10 tonnes (rainfed) and 19.5 tonnes (irrigated) dry matter/ha/year have been reported.[http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19826744618.html;jsessionid=D942564286C537330F0EE8A0C86F1BDC] This may in part be due to its capacity of evapotranspirative adaptation in relation to the dynamic between water-transpirating and water absorbing surfaces as well as surface conductance sensitivity to soil transfer and yielding capacity.[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168192397000920]
 In phosphorus-deficient conditions, Brachiaria decumbens very effectively increases phytase and phosphatase activity to utilize inositol hexaphosphate in soil.[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1004264002524#page-1]
-Brachiaria decumbens may grow in low fertilitiy, low pH (as low as pH 3.5) soil, while it does not respond to lime, but responds strongly to N and P fertiliser.
+Brachiaria decumbens may grow in low fertility, low pH (as low as pH 3.5) soil, while it does not respond to lime, but responds strongly to N and P fertiliser.
 It cannot persist on heavy clays subject to waterlogging, as its root system is very fine with low tolerance of poor drainage. Brachiaria decumbens stays green well into the dry season. It is most productive on open grasslands in the lowland humid tropics with rainfall >1,500 mm annually and a dry season of up to 5 months. It can tolerate short-term flooding and prefers temperatures above 19ºC. It is very tolerant of heavy grazing but less tolerant under reduced light than in full sun.[http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Brachiaria_decumbens.htm]
 Grasses decompose relatively slowly. The rate of decomposition of organic matter from Brachiaria decumbens is considered intermediate. Remaining polyphenols may serve as an indicator of litter decomposition.[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/003807179390050L] Chopping reduced contents of acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid and increases NH<sub>3</sub>-N content.[http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-CYXB200901008.htm]
-Brachiaria decumbens spreads by seed dispersal. It is a apomictic tetraploid that reproduces mainly by facultative apospory.[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00021394#page-1] Reproduction approximates a diploid-tetraploid-(di)haploid reproductive cycle that does not involve triploids. Natural Brachiaria decumbens tetraploid populations are widespread, whereas diploid populations are rare. Tetraploids are considered obligate aposporous apomicts, propagating clonally, with the absence of genetic variation.[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s004970050170#page-1] Even though Brachiaria decumbens is considered obligate apomitic, completely sexual accession does occur. The sexual accessions are diploids (2n = 2x = IS).[http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/b_fdi_37-38/43675.pdf]
+Brachiaria decumbens spreads by seed dispersal. It is an apomictic tetraploid that reproduces mainly by facultative apospory.[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00021394#page-1] Reproduction approximates a diploid-tetraploid-(di)haploid reproductive cycle that does not involve triploids. Natural Brachiaria decumbens tetraploid populations are widespread, whereas diploid populations are rare. Tetraploids are considered obligate aposporous apomicts, propagating clonally, with the absence of genetic variation.[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s004970050170#page-1] Even though Brachiaria decumbens is considered obligate apomitic, completely sexual accession does occur. The sexual accessions are diploids (2n = 2x = IS).[http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/b_fdi_37-38/43675.pdf]
 Brachiaria decumbens may use allelopathy to outcompete other grasses. Germinating seeds and the aqueous leachates of Brachiaria decumbens reduce the germination of other grass species, such as Phalaris canariensis, Lactuca sativa and Melinis minutiflora.[http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1516-89132008000400021&script=sci_arttext] Brachiaria decumbens has abnormal nucleolar cycle behavior.[https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cytologia/67/4/67_4_355/_article]

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 Panicum species ('Panic grass') are large tropical ('millet') grasses. ''Panicum maximum'' ('Buffalo grass') may contain 1.07% [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1754-6834-7-10.pdf] or 0.5% silica.[http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/96/6/1027/T1.expansion.html]
 ''Panicum virgatum'' ('Switch grass') may contain 1.5% [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953411001516] or 2.0% silica.
-''Panicum commutatum'' may contain 4.2% and ''Panicum texanum'' may contain 8.0% silica [http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/96/6/1027/T1.expansion.html] or 7%.[http://books.google.nl/books?id=or98NnK10iYC&pg=PA277&dq=Avena+sativa+Panicum+texanum+Lolium+perenne+silica&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=XyZ2VJGJKseS7AaRroGoAw&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Avena%20sativa%20Panicum%20texanum%20Lolium%20perenne%20silica&f=false] Panicum texanum (aka Brachiaria texana or Urochloa texana, aka Buffalo grass, Colorado grass, Texas signal grass or Texas millet) has up 2 cm wide leaves (7.5-28 cm long) that are covered with soft minute hairs on both surfaces. Its stems may be up to 136 cm long, and the grass may grow 80 cm high.[http://oak.ppws.vt.edu/scott/weed_id/pante.htm] It is a common troublesome weed in many commercial crops. It may grow well at 30°C during the day and 24°C during the night. It may produce 53,000 [http://www.buffelgrassseed.com/ seeds] per plant.[http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/4044490?uid=3738736&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21105315757003] (and therefore used by bird-enthusiasts[http://www.pogueagri.com/Texas_Panicum.aspx]) It grows along streams, in open fields, on prairies and on deep moist soils, southern USA and Mexico. Both annual and perennial. It is used for hay.[http://books.google.nl/books?id=8ieqQs7hIREC&pg=PA2310&lpg=PA2310&dq=Panicum+texanum+Africa&source=bl&ots=q15caM-8Ki&sig=CxZPDRCEW9lFse1cHF1gi_aWwJE&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=ZaV4VJnhFozEPJPBgbAF&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Panicum%20texanum%20Africa&f=false] It is best adapted to well-drained sandy soils, and usually produces 23,000 seeds per plant.[http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/4044889?uid=3738736&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21105316671323] Vegetative stage Panicum texanum may contain 16% crude protein. It may contain 11% crude protein at flower/boot stage and 8% crude protein at fruit/head stage. Subsequent invitro dry matter digestibility may range from 74 to 52%.[http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/418/418-150/418-150_pdf.pdf] Panicum texanum occurs in Queensland and New South Wales (Australia), Arizona, California. New Mexico, Texas. Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana and South Carolina (USA) and North-east Zacatecas (Mexico).[http://grassworld.myspecies.info/sites/grassworld.myspecies.info/files/UV_2.pdf]
+''Panicum commutatum'' may contain 4.2% and ''Panicum texanum'' may contain 8.0% silica [http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/96/6/1027/T1.expansion.html] or 7%.[http://books.google.nl/books?id=or98NnK10iYC&pg=PA277&dq=Avena+sativa+Panicum+texanum+Lolium+perenne+silica&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=XyZ2VJGJKseS7AaRroGoAw&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Avena%20sativa%20Panicum%20texanum%20Lolium%20perenne%20silica&f=false]
 ==Other Poaceae==

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 [[Image:Panicum_texanum.jpg|thumb|left| Panicum texanum [http://twig.tamu.edu/keyindex.htm]]]
-[[Image:Panicum_texanum_4.jpg|thumb|right| Panicum texanum [http://www.soilcropandmore.info/Newsletter/nl072002.htm]]]
+[[Image:Panicum_texanum_3.jpg|thumb|right| Panicum texanum [https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/urochloa/texana/]]]
 [[Image:Panicum_texanum_2.jpg|thumb|left| Panicum texanum [http://twig.tamu.edu/keyindex.htm]]]
 Panicum species ('Panic grass') are large tropical ('millet') grasses. ''Panicum maximum'' ('Buffalo grass') may contain 1.07% [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1754-6834-7-10.pdf] or 0.5% silica.[http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/96/6/1027/T1.expansion.html]