Oxalate

INTRO

The current page is a work in progress.

Under construction = Sept 6 - 30, 2015 | Nov 7 to 30, 2015

Just crashing this page as a place to put articles together.

Disclaimer: Everything here is a rough draft, no real data, newbie working on Oxalate topic on WaiWiki(Sept 6, 2015). - Aytundra.

Objective: Trying to piece together the articles on Vitamin C, Oxalate... to get a clearer picture.

Key Question: Does OJ increase kidney stone formation?

Hypothesis 0: OJ does not increase kidney stone.

Hypothesis 1: OJ decrease kidney stone formation.

Hypothesis 2: OJ increase kidney stone formation.

Method: Literature search.

Article_Hypothesis 0: Unknown if science literature provides enough articles to answer the question. {current state of Aytundra Sept 27, 2015, arrgh and I have 3 more days before my self imposed due date... lol. }.

Article_Hypothesis 1: Science literature does provide enough articles to answer the question.

Article_Hypothesis 2: Science literature does not provide enough articles to answer the question.

Results:

Discussion:

Conclusion: Three possible answers, one of them will be choosen:

1. It is okay to drink OJ! {we will find out.}

vs.

2. It is not okay to drink OJ! {we will find out.}

vs.

3. Science literature is currently in crappy state, and we don't have the answer on my silly question, so keep drinking OJ. {That would be frustrating and a waste of time, to have spent time reading all those articles.}

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ARTICLE LINKS

Legend:

(~) = articles are free

[~] = articles are locked (database access required, citation will be from abstract (as abstracts are public) on Waiwiki.)

Links from RRM on Aytundra's Diary in August 2015:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC39676/

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8126804

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9589801

http://www.nrjournal.com/article/S0271-5317%2897%2900012-2/abstract

[~] http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005273681903126

Links from Aytundra after more database searching September 13, 2015:

[~] Baxmann, A.C., De O G Mendonca, C.,and Heilberg, I. P.(2003). Effect of vitamin C supplements on urinary oxalate and pH in calcium stone-forming patients. Kidney International, Vol. 63 pp. 1066-1071. DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00815.x

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/556479_1

OTHER THINGS TO READ:

This link gives exact oxalate/100 g for legumes, nuts and flours.

http://www.2ndchance.info/oxalate-dogChai2005oxalatecontentfoods.pdf

This link gives approximate oxalate/100 g for various foods.

http://www.denvernephrology.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Oxalate2008.pdf

CATEGORIES OF OXALATES defined by Aytundra.

My numbering system to organize ideas: "#.#.#.#." = Category of external input (Vit C input and oxalate input)| Subcategories of external input (type of Vitamin C input, and type of Oxalate input)| mechanism (Oxalate stone formed because "...")| oxalate subcategories output

Oxalate could be in a urine sample because:

1. Vitamin C mobilizes oxalate from foods in the diet (plant_based_veggie-sourced-oxalate).

2. Vitamin C mobilizes oxalate from oxalate supplements in the diet (C13_marker-sourced-oxalate).

3. Vitamin C converts to oxalate endogenously (Vitamin_C-sourced-oxalate).

4. Ethylene_glycol converts to oxalate endogenously; Ethylene_glycol poisoning (via antifreeze)as a precursor for alcohol dehydrogenase to convert glycolate into oxalate.(Ethylene_glycol-alcoholdehydrogenase_to_glycolate-sourced-oxalate). {It is interesting to note that alcohol consumption, is correlated with lower rates of kidney stones in vitamin C consuming individuals [citation required].}

5. Vitamin C converts to oxalate exogenously (in vitro); Error in Urine Collection Procedure (Vitamin_C-procedure-sourced-oxalate).

1.1 (seed-plant-based-oxalate) pepper.

1.2 (peel-plant-based-oxalate) lemon peel.

1.3 (leaf-plant-based-oxalate) amaranth leaf.

1.4 (stem-plant-based-oxalate).

3.1 (orange_juice-based-Vitamin_C)

3.2 (supplement-based-Vitamin_C)

1.0.0.1. Excretion of urine oxalate is plant-based-sourced-oxalate?

1.0.0.2. Excretion of urine oxalate is C13-sourced-oxalate?

2.0.0.1.

3.0.0.1. Excretion of urine oxalate is Vitamin-C-sourced-oxalate. <--- {That which oj drinkers might be scared of. But is it true? We will find out after analyzing articles.}

4.0.1.0. Ethylene glycol's oxalic acid is produced from alcohol dehydrogenase.

5.0.1.5. HCl added to urine sample prevents oxalate formation in stored urine sample.

SCRUTINIZING ARTICLES

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3537623

Ethylene glycol combined with alcohol dehydrogenase metabolizes to glucolaldehyde to glycolate and including one to oxalate(Jacobsen D. and McMartin K.E., 1986). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3537623

• • • Aytundra is thinking: {Would drinking alcohol or fermented orange juice help reduce vitamin C conversion to oxalic acid? Is that why vitamin C supplements

bring out urinary oxalate?}

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8126804

" Ascorbate added directly to urine in vitro [in glass] resulted in statistically significant but modest increases in measured oxalate. Addition of 5.68 mmol./l. ascorbate increased measured urinary oxalate by 36 mumol./l., implying conversion of ascorbate to oxalate during analysis. Measurement of 24-hour urinary oxalate levels with 5 and 10 gm. ascorbate per day showed similar, modest increases,..." (Wandzilak T.R., D'Andre S.D., Davis P.A., Williams H.E., 1994). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8126804

1 gm

5 gm

10 gm

24 hr

5 day interval

1994

• • • What did the subjects eat?

• • • • Flaw: Diets of subjects were not reported;then we cannot rule out 1.0.0.0.'s oxalate_as_source. But it is pointless, because this is an "in vitro" experiment.

• • • • • {In vitro means in glass, that means that these urine samples were tampered(experimented) with Vitamin C after sample collection.

We know from later studies (i.e. see 2003 below) that oxalate can form in the urine sample exogenously. That means we might have to be careful in reading literature.}

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC39676/?page=5

"At the vitmamin C dose of 1000 mg daily, urine uric acid and oxalate were elevated."(Levine M. et al, 1996)http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC39676/?page=5

7 male adults without kidney stone history.

1996, study was published.

300 food items

14 day rotation menu

4 to 6 months hospital controlled diet.

1996

• • • The key questions that Aytundra wants to ask Levine et al. 1996: What foods did each of these 7 male adults eat from the 300 food items offered by the hospital? and of these food items eaten, What was the total oxalate content per day per individual during the course of the study?"

• • • • Flaw: Diets of subjects were not reported.

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http://www.nrjournal.com/article/S0271-5317%2897%2900012-2/pdf

"The orange juice treatment was associated with higher urinary excretion of endogenously-derived oxalate, citrate, and calcium, and a higher urinary pH. Since these urinary changes were not observed during the supplemental ascorbate period, the two sources of ascorbate differentially affected key urinary components which are related to calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis." (Liebman M., Weiwan C., Harvey E., and Boenisch L. 1996) http://www.nrjournal.com/article/S0271-5317%2897%2900012-2/pdf

6 healthy individuals

24 hr

175 mg unlabelled oxalate loads

18 mg labelled oxalate loads 1,2-13C2

vitamin C from orange juice

vitamin C from supplemental form

1996

• • • What did the subjects eat?

• • • • Access to article is limited to Abstract. Open Access?

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9589801

"The results showed that erroneously high analytical oxalate levels occur in the a[b]sence[sic] of preservative. In the preserved samples there was no significant increase in oxalate excretion at any stage of the protocol. (Auer B.L., Auer D., and Rodgers A.L., 1998). "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9589801 "There were no changes in either the calcium oxalate relative supersaturation or Tiselius risk index. It is concluded that ingestion of large doses of ascorbic acid does not affect the principal risk factors associated with calcium oxalate kidney stone formation." (Auer B.L., Auer D., and Rodgers A.L., 1998). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9589801

10 healthy males

4 gm

24 hr

5 days

1998

• • • What did the subjects eat?

• • • • • However, study points to the protocol of sample preservation as key to understanding oxalate levels; no preservation caused high oxalate measurement, an analytical error, in their study.

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"...Vitamin C supplementation may increase urinary oxalate excretion and the risk of calcium oxalate crystallization in calcium stone-forming patients."(Baxmann, A.C., et al 2003, p.1066 abstract).

47 stone forming patients

Vitamin C supplement

2003

• • • What did the subjects eat?

• • • • • Study controlled for oxalate levels in vitro after sampling. They had control subjects provide additional samples of urine; in which they added HCl to urine sampling cup right after collection. {This shows that in 2003, at least some literature on the topic of vitamin C and oxalate formation, are aware of, and controls for defining if oxalate is produced in vivo or in vitro.}

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Other Animals: Vitamin C & Oxalate levels in cats, pigs...

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PMID: 15309947 Pion, S.J. (2004) Effects of vitamin C supplementation on plasma ascorbic acid and oxalate concentrations and meat quality in swine. Journal of Animal Science 82(7). {In Pion, S.J.'s 2014 article they found: Vitamin C supplementation elevated cortisol levels in pigs 96 hrs post 48 hrs supplementation. Oxalate levels were not elevated in pigs supplemented with vitamin C. Researchers were hoping to obtain oxalate levels in the meat to have better meat quality.}