Oxalate

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Revision as of 23:54, 13 September 2015 by Aytundra (talk | contribs) (Reorganize some sentence positioning. Added 1 article.)

The current page is a work in progress.

Under construction = Sept 6, 2015 to Sept 30, 2015.

Just crashing this page as a place to put articles together.

Going to test Wiki's ability to organize sources.

Disclaimer: Everything here is a rough draft, no real data, newbie working on Wiki(Sept 6, 2015). - Aytundra.

Objective: Trying to piece together the articles on Vitamin C, Oxalate... to get a clearer picture.


TO BEGIN

DUMPING ARTICLE LINKS

Legend: (~) = articles are free [~] = articles are locked (database access required, citation will be from abstract only on this Waiwiki.)


Links from RRM on Aytundra's Diary in August 2015: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC39676/

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8126804

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9589801

http://www.nrjournal.com/article/S0271-5317%2897%2900012-2/abstract

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005273681903126


Links from Aytundra after more database searching September 13, 2015:

[~] Baxmann, A.C., De O G Mendonca, C.,and Heilberg, I. P.(2003). Effect of vitamin C supplements on urinary oxalate and pH in calcium stone-forming patients. Kidney International, Vol. 63 pp. 1066-1071. DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00815.x


http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/556479_1

OTHER THINGS TO READ:

This link gives exact oxalate/100 g for legumes, nuts and flours.

http://www.2ndchance.info/oxalate-dogChai2005oxalatecontentfoods.pdf


This link gives approximate oxalate/100 g for various foods.

http://www.denvernephrology.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Oxalate2008.pdf


CATEGORIES OF OXALATES defined by Aytundra.


My numbering system to organize ideas: "#.#.#.#." = Category of external input| Subcategories of external input| mechanism internal | oxalate subcategories output

Oxalate could be in a urine sample because:


1. Vitamin C mobilizes oxalate from foods in the diet (plant_based_veggie-sourced-oxalate).

2. Vitamin C mobilizes oxalate from oxalate supplements in the diet (C13_marker-sourced-oxalate).

3. Vitamin C converts to oxalate endogenously (Vitamin_C-sourced-oxalate).

4. Ethylene_glycol converts to oxalate endogenously; Ethylene_glycol poisoning (via antifreeze)as a precursor for alcohol dehydrogenase to convert glycolate into oxalate.(Ethylene_glycol-alcoholdehydrogenase_to_glycolate-sourced-oxalate). {It is interesting to note that alcohol consumption, is correlated with lower kidney stones in vitamin C individuals [citation required].}

5. Vitamin C converts to oxalate exogenously (in vitro); Error in Urine Collection Procedure (Vitamin_C-procedure-sourced-oxalate).


1.1 (seed-plant-based-oxalate) pepper.

1.2 (peel-plant-based-oxalate) lemon peel.

1.3 (leaf-plant-based-oxalate) amaranth leaf.

1.4 (stem-plant-based-oxalate).

3.1 (orange_juice-based-Vitamin_C)

3.2 (supplement-based-Vitamin_C)


1.0.0.2. Excretion of urine oxalate is plant-based-sourced-oxalate.

3.0.0.1. Excretion of urine oxalate is Vitamin-C-sourced-oxalate. <--- {That which oj drinkers might be scared of. But is it true? We will find out after analyzing articles.}

4.0.1.0. Ethylene glycol's oxalic acid is produced from alcohol dehydrogenase.


SCRUTINIZING ARTICLES

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3537623

Ethylene glycol combined with alcohol dehydrogenase metabolizes to glucolaldehyde to glycolate and including one to oxalate(Jacobsen D. and McMartin K.E., 1986). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3537623


      • Aytundra is thinking: {Would drinking alcohol or fermented orange juice help reduce vitamin C conversion to oxalic acid? Is that why vitamin C supplements

bring out urinary oxalate?}


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8126804

" Ascorbate added directly to urine in vitro resulted in statistically significant but modest increases in measured oxalate. Addition of 5.68 mmol./l. ascorbate increased measured urinary oxalate by 36 mumol./l., implying conversion of ascorbate to oxalate during analysis. Measurement of 24-hour urinary oxalate levels with 5 and 10 gm. ascorbate per day showed similar, modest increases,..." (Wandzilak T.R., D'Andre S.D., Davis P.A., Williams H.E., 1994). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8126804

1 gm

5 gm

10 gm

24 hr

1994


      • What did the subjects eat?
        • Flaw: Diets of subjects were not reported.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC39676/?page=5

"At the vitmamin C dose of 1000 mg daily, urine uric acid and oxalate were elevated."(Levine M. et al, 1996)http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC39676/?page=5

7 male adults without kidney stone history.

1996, study was published.

300 food items

14 day rotation menu

4 to 6 months hospital controlled diet.

1996

      • The key questions that Aytundra wants to ask Levine et al. 1996: What foods did each of these 7 male adults eat from the 300 food items offered by the hospital? and of these food items eaten, What was the total oxalate content per day per individual during the course of the study?"
        • Flaw: Diets of subjects were not reported.

http://www.nrjournal.com/article/S0271-5317%2897%2900012-2/pdf

"The orange juice treatment was associated with higher urinary excretion of endogenously-derived oxalate, citrate, and calcium, and a higher urinary pH. Since these urinary changes were not observed during the supplemental ascorbate period, the two sources of ascorbate differentially affected key urinary components which are related to calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis." (Liebman M., Weiwan C., Harvey E., and Boenisch L. 1996) http://www.nrjournal.com/article/S0271-5317%2897%2900012-2/pdf

6 healthy individuals

24 hr

175 mg unlabelled oxalate loads

18 mg labelled oxalate loads 1,2-13C2

vitamin C from orange juice

vitamin C from supplemental form

1996

      • What did the subjects eat?
        • Access to article is limited to Abstract. Open Access?

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9589801

"The results showed that erroneously high analytical oxalate levels occur in the a[b]sence[sic] of preservative. In the preserved samples there was no significant increase in oxalate excretion at any stage of the protocol. (Auer B.L., Auer D., and Rodgers A.L., 1998). "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9589801 "There were no changes in either the calcium oxalate relative supersaturation or Tiselius risk index. It is concluded that ingestion of large doses of ascorbic acid does not affect the principal risk factors associated with calcium oxalate kidney stone formation." (Auer B.L., Auer D., and Rodgers A.L., 1998). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9589801

10 healthy males

4 gm

24 hr

5 days

1998

      • What did the subjects eat?


          • However, study points to the protocol of sample preservation as key to understanding oxalate levels; no preservation caused high oxalate measurement, an analytical error, in their study.

"...Vitamin C supplementation may increase urinary oxalate excretion and the risk of calcium oxalate crystallization in calcium stone-forming patients."(Baxmann, A.C., et al 2003, p.1066 abstract).

47 stone forming patients

Vitamin C supplement

2003

      • What did the subjects eat?
          • Study controlled for oxalate levels in vitro after sampling. They had control subjects provide additional samples of urine; in which they added HCl to urine sampling cup right after collection. {This shows that in 2003, at least some literature on the topic of vitamin C and oxalate formation, are aware of, and controls for defining if oxalate is produced in vivo or in vitro.}